Considerable research in the Canadian and American context has revealed that children as young as 3 discern racial characteristics including differences in skin tone and hair texture. Studies have also shown that white children self-identify more accurately, prefer their own group, and rate their own group more positively than other racial groups. These findings have led to the emergence of anti-bias, multicultural and anti-racist education in early childhood education. An anti-bias curriculum typically focuses on addressing a diverse range of identities, including race; in contrast, anti-racist education recognizes the saliency of race in relation to other social identities—and the need to foreground race in social analyses, critiques and pedagogical activities.